![]() To achieve this aim, we employed STEM, which reveals the atomic arrangements, together with atom probe tomography (APT) at the same location, which provides 3D quantitative information on the constituent elements, including Li ions, with a sensitivity of ~10 parts per million 31, 32, 33, 34. Therefore, it is still difficult to comparatively study and explain the capacity decay mechanism of LIBs using the aforementioned techniques and lifetime testing. ![]() Thus far, however, they lack the ability to directly quantify the charge carrier in LIBs, Li ions, at high spatial resolution. However, these mechanisms were primarily proposed based on the observation of the positions and chemical states of the transition metals (TMs) and oxygen atoms, but not those of Li ions, which are directly responsible for the battery operation because of the lack of reliable experimental techniques for the analysis of the Li-ion distribution 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.Īmong widely used experimental techniques, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and advanced X-ray techniques have provided invaluable information, such as the crystalline lattice structure 17, 18, 19, 20 and chemical sates 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Many studies have investigated the action/degradation mechanisms of LIB cathode materials to understand the underlying physics in order to develop performance improvement strategies 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. This rapid expansion necessitates further improving their performance with regard to their capacity, charging speed, lifetime and safety. Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great interest due to their explosive increase in demand for devices ranging from small portable electronics to large energy-storage devices 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
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